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After this chapter, you will be able to identify the main white and red grape varieties, read their core structure, and connect each grape with typical aromas, styles, and regions.
Chardonnay can move from fresh citrus to buttery oak styles. Sauvignon Blanc is bright and aromatic. Pinot Gris/Pinot Grigio is easy to recognize through stone fruit and citrus. Riesling is high-acid and intensely aromatic.
Cabernet Sauvignon is structured and dark-fruited. Merlot is smooth and generous. Pinot Noir is lighter, thinner-skinned, and red-fruited. Syrah/Shiraz brings ripe black fruit, spice, and savory notes.
Classic markers: Lemon, yellow apple, pineapple, butter, and vanilla.
Regions: Champagne, Burgundy, California, and Australia.
Classic markers: Passion fruit, honeydew melon, grapefruit, white peach, cut grass, and citrus.
Regions: Sancerre, Pouilly-Fume, Bordeaux, and New Zealand.
Classic markers: White peach, lemon zest, cantaloupe, green almond, and minerality.
Regions: Alsace and Italy.
Classic markers: Lime, green apple, beeswax, jasmine, and petroleum.
Regions: Alsace, Germany, and Australia.
Classic markers: Black cherry, black currant, cedar, baking spices, and graphite.
Regions: Bordeaux, California, Australia, Chile, and South Africa.
Classic markers: Cherry, chocolate, plum, bay leaf, and vanilla.
Regions: Bordeaux, California, and Chile.
Classic markers: Raspberry, cherry, mushroom, and vanilla.
Regions: Burgundy, Oregon, and New Zealand.
Classic markers: Blueberry, black plum, chocolate, tobacco, green peppercorn, black pepper, and ripe black fruits.
Regions: Northern Rhone and Australia.
| Variety | Structure | Signature |
|---|---|---|
| Chardonnay | White; medium to full body; medium acidity | Fresh citrus and apple can shift toward butter and vanilla with oak. |
| Sauvignon Blanc | White; light to medium body; high acidity | Cut grass, citrus, grapefruit, tropical fruit, and white peach. |
| Riesling | White; light body; high acidity | Lime, green apple, beeswax, jasmine, and petroleum notes. |
| Cabernet Sauvignon | Red; full body; high tannin | Dark color, black fruit, cedar, baking spice, and firm structure. |
| Merlot | Red; medium to full body; smoother tannin | Black plum, cherry, chocolate, bay leaf, and easy-drinking texture. |
| Pinot Noir | Red; medium body; low tannin | Thin skins, lighter color, strawberry, cherry, raspberry, and mushroom. |
| Syrah/Shiraz | Red; full body; medium to high tannin | Black pepper, ripe black fruits, blueberry, plum, tobacco, and spice. |
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